Hypertensive Retinopathy

Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the retinal blood vessels caused by chronically elevated blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure narrows and thickens the small arteries in the retina, reducing blood flow and causing damage marked by hemorrhages, exudates (fatty deposits), and swelling. In severe cases, the optic nerve can swell (papilledema), indicating a hypertensive emergency. Most patients with early hypertensive retinopathy have no symptoms, which is why regular eye exams are important. Advanced cases may cause blurred vision or vision loss. The primary treatment is controlling blood pressure through medication and lifestyle changes, while monitoring the retina for complications.